Aromatic and medicinal plants Rare and endangered flora of Belarus Fodder plants Bioenergy plants Forage plants of the Central Botanical Garden National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Taking into account the tasks of the fodder production of the republic to reduce the cost of feed and, accordingly, increase the competitiveness of livestock products, purposeful work is being carried out to expand the range of fodder crops by attracting new high-yielding, high-protein species and forms from the natural flora. The work was started in the 60s and 70s under the leadership of A.K. Churilov. In recent years, more than 60 species, mainly grassy plants, have been brought and tested in the laboratory. The bioecological potential of all species has been studied, the success rate has been substantiated, and a forecast of the introduction of new plants into the soil and climatic conditions of Belarus has been made. Biological features, productivity and their adaptive capabilities are studied. Representatives of the Fabaceae, Amarantaceae, Asteraceae, Polygonaceae, etc. families are selected as the main species for replenishing the range of cultivated fodder crops. among them, the eastern galega and amaranth were singled out as the most promising in terms of a complex of biomorphological, biochemical, and economically useful traits. These species are characterized by high resistance to introduction, in terms of a complex of economic and valuable traits and fodder value, the cost of fodder they surpass the traditional fodder crops of clover and corn. Oriental Galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) is one of the few representatives of the Fabaceae family. Bareisha M.S., Yarashevich M.I., Vechar M.M., Loban S.Ya. Under the conditions of introduction of G. orientalis Lam. It has high adaptive abilities, stability in cenoses (6-8 years), high indicators of economic and valuable traits (phytoproductivity 10-14 t/ha of dry matter, yield of crude protein 1.8-2.4 t/ha, seed productivity 2- 4 c/ha), early regrowth in spring and duration of vegetation in autumn, resistance to diseases and pests, winter resistance and frost resistance, high fodder qualities, good edibility of phytomass and prepared fodder, long-term use. In addition, the eastern galega is a good precursor, has a positive effect on soil fertility, enriches it with organic substances and nitrogen, improves the structure and physical properties of the soil, prevents the development of water and wind erosion, cleans the soil from weeds, pathogens and pests. It is a good medanos. For the first time in Belarus, an assessment of the stability of the introducer in the cultural cenosis was given. In the conditions of a long-term experiment, the stability of galega in a complex cenosis with Festucapratensis Huds was studied. and Dactylisglomerata L., high phytoproductivity has been established for 5-6 years (10-11 t/ha s.v.) with two full-fledged slopes. The share of galega phytomass in the structure of such cenoses is from 49 to 60% in the first slope and 57-70% in the second. Galega was distinguished by early regrowth, high growth intensity and earlier onset of skeletal maturity. An assessment of iron in the biological cycle of nutritional elements was carried out, the absolute and relative indicators of the economic removal of the main elements were calculated. From 1 hectare of monocenosis of the eastern galega with the used part of phytomass, up to 333 kg of nitrogen, up to 125 kg of P2O5 and up to 268 kg of K2O are removed. Based on 10 kg of phytomass, these values were for nitrogen up to 25 kg, P2O5 up to 10 and K2O up to 25 kg. G. orientalis Lam. is a high-tech crop and responds well to soil fertility and farming culture. Its processing does not require special mechanisms and is successfully carried out by a complex of machines that are used in agrotechnics of traditional perennial leguminous fodder grass. Based on the results of many years of research, together with the industry institutes, the first recommendations for the cultivation of the eastern galega in the republic were prepared and proposed for production, which were approved by the Scientific and Technical Council of the industry body of the state administration. The recommendations reflect the requirements of the eastern gorse for growing conditions, fertilizers, optimal terms, methods and norms for sowing seeds, features of crop care in the first and subsequent years of life, justified terms and methods of harvesting phytomass and seeds, and also proposed a technological scheme of cultivation for fodder and seeds. . In addition, the brochure "Galega Eastern Prospective Fodder Culture" was published - authors M.I. Yarashevich, L.U. Kukharova, M.S. Bareisha (1991). Amaranth - Amaranthus caudatus L. This is a broad genus that includes more than 55 species. The collection nursery of the genus Amaranth was created under the leadership of M.I. Yarashevich, he took a direct part in the creation, maintenance and expansion of the collection, and currently Loban S.Ya. is conducting research independently. From the generic complex, the introduced assessment in the Central Bank was carried out for 30 species. Amaranthus caudatus L. was singled out as the most promising for a complex of bio-ecological indicators, productivity, yield of green mass and seeds, protein content. Amaranth's past and present give reason to consider it a culture of complex use. For its high economic value, productivity and adaptive capabilities, experts of the United Nations Food Commission (FAO) recognized amaranth as the most important crop of the 21st century. Research has established that the green mass of amaranth contains 16-20% protein based on dry matter. It is the high protein content, the shortage of which is felt in almost all countries, that made specialists pay attention to this culture. Depending on the phase of development, 100 kg of green mass contains 13-22 feed units. 140-200 g of protein is added to each feed unit. The yield of green mass everywhere exceeds the yield of corn and is on average 50-80 t/ha, which makes it possible to collect 9-13 t of fodder units and up to 2 tons of digested protein from each hectare of crops. In terms of the content of the essential amino acid - lysine, amaranth protein is equal to the nutritional value of milk, which is 2-2.5 times higher than the content of this amino acid in green mass and corn grains. Amaranth is a new culture for the conditions of the republic, so far little studied. The history of the study and implementation of amaranth production in recent years show that after centuries of neglect, amaranth is getting a new distribution. In addition to the American continent, it is cultivated in Africa, Asia, Indochina, Europe and other parts of the world. The revival of this culture in recent years is due to numerous studies, which have shown the high food and fodder value, as well as the medicinal properties of amaranth oil, which is obtained from the seeds of the culture. The production of such oil is already organized and conducted in a number of commercial firms of the Russian Federation. With the aim of extensive production testing and introduction into production of a new amaranth culture, we have prepared the first recommendations in the republic on the agrotechnics of its processing. The recommendations describe the biological features and economic value of amaranth, its requirements for growth conditions and fertilization, place in crop rotation and soil preparation, features of sowing and care, cleaning of green mass and seed plots [45,46,47,48]. In recent years, research and improvement of amaranth cultivation technology in the republic has been conducted at the Institute of Agriculture and Breeding of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Along with the introductory studies and practice of the basic techniques of amaranth processing, a long-term work was carried out on the selection of a promising species of amaranth. The result of this work was the creation of the first ruby amaranth variety in the republic, which has been zoned since 2002. Three more varieties of amaranth were also created: "Pearl", "Prelude" and "Wizard", zoned since 2008. Genus Clover - Trifolium L. L.V. studied bioecological potential, introduction, study of biology and selection of the most promising types of clover for economic benefits. Kukharov. In natural conditions, there are 65 types of clover in the territories of the CIS countries, but only three are known in culture: red or meadow clover (Trifoliumpretense L.), pink clover (T. hybridum) and white or creeping clover (T. repens L.). A total of 55 species (157 species) of the Clover genus were studied at the experimental site of the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Under the conditions of introduction, the bioecological potential was studied, the most valuable species were identified, the nature of the reaction of plants to new environmental conditions was traced, the peculiarities of the growth and development of above-ground and underground organs were studied, the productivity of above-ground mass and seeds was taken into account, the elements of agrotechnics for the cultivation of new types of clover were developed in order to their implementation in fodder production of the republic. According to the set of economically useful traits, 9 species are distinguished: common clover (T. ambiguum M. B.), strawberry clover (T. fragiferum L.), grayish clover (T. canescens Willd.), Caucasian clover (T. caucasicum Tausch.), clover bitter clover (T. pale yellow (T. ochroleucum Huds.), medium clover (T. medium L.), alpine clover (T. alpestre), reddish clover (T. rubens L.), Pannonian clover (T. pannonicum Jacg.). Five species have been studied in the most detail, which have advantages over red or meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.), which is widely cultivated in the republic. These are Caucasian, Pannonian clovers. greyish, reddish and the like. Named types of clover are perennial. Red clover, for example, can be cultivated in one place for two, maximum three years, while Caucasian, Pannonian, gray clover - up to 10 or more years, reddish clover - four to five years. Cultivated now in farms of the republic, red clover requires highly fertile soils for cultivation. The species selected by us grow and develop well on light sandy soils of medium fertility. At the same time, the height of their stems is 60-70 cm, the stems are erect, weakly branched, the yield of above-ground mass is 300-450 t/ha for one slope. In red clover, under these conditions, the height of above-ground shoots reaches 56 cm, with a yield of above-ground mass of 132 kg/ha. Red clover leaves turn yellow very early and fall off. For example, in seedlings that are at the stage of four real leaves (age 1.5 months), the two lower leaves have already fallen off. In Caucasian, Pannonian and similar clovers, noticeable browning and leaf fall is not observed even in the fruiting phase. When introducing a certain species into new conditions, seeding of introducers is of great and decisive importance. Red clover fruit setting reaches 61.7% and is significantly dependent on weather conditions. In years with a cool rainy growing season, it decreases sharply. Caucasian and Pannonian clover, on the other hand, have a high percentage of fruit set (75.2 - 78.5) under any weather conditions. Red clover in culture is strongly affected by fungal diseases and root rot. According to research conducted in the laboratory of lower plants of the Institute of Experimental Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, no diseases characteristic of red clover were detected in the species we tested [49]. The most promising samples of Pannonian clover and red clover, according to the cooperation agreement, were transferred to the selection center of the Institute of Agriculture for further processing in order to obtain a variety. Genus Astragalus - Astragalus L. The genus Astragalus (Astragalus L.) from the legume family is of undoubted interest for introduction and use in fodder production. In addition, the genus Astragalus includes a significant number of valuable medicinal plants. In folk and Tibetan medicine, astragalus has long been used as a cardiovascular, diuretic, diaphoretic, choleretic, tonic and antimicrobial agent. In addition, they are widely used for the treatment of diabetes, cancer, gastroenteritis, and some diseases of the liver, kidneys, and spleen. A lot of attention of researchers is attracted by astragalus flavonoids, which show P-vitamin activity and cause hypolipidemic and hypotensive effects [50]. Astragalus are interesting as promising fodder plants that combine longevity in agrocenoses, high productivity, significant resistance to diseases and pests [51,52]. According to Charapanov S.K. [53] the flora of the CIS countries includes 988 species of astragalus. Central Asia is the main center of formation of this peculiar polymorphic genus. Of the 600 species of astragalus that live there, about 350 are endemic. Among the astragalus there are species that have high drought resistance and are of interest for testing as stabilizers of steep slopes with soils rich in lime, as well as sandy soils and for creating dry pastures for sheep. Researches on the introduction, study of biology and adaptation to new conditions, as well as determination of the systematic affiliation of astragalus were conducted by L.V. Kukharava (since 1975). A total of 157 species of the genus Astragalus were introduced by the laboratory. The morphological features of individual species of astragalus under the conditions of introduction were studied. It was found that the introduction of culture has a positive effect on the growth and development of plants: the number of shoots in the bush and their size increases, as well as the size of the leaves, and this despite the fact that the experimental crops in the CBS were placed on sandy soils of low fertility. Introduced species differed in high frost and cold resistance. The death of aerial shoots is noted in astragalus in October - November. The first frosts and even the first snow slightly damage the green mass of crops. Studies of the mode and durability of plantation operation showed that the fluctuation of the yield of green mass depending on the age of the plants is insignificant and in both the second and third years of vegetation it reaches 350 t/ha for two cuttings. It is known that representatives of the leguminous family are in close symbolic relations with nodule bacteria and the productivity of plants depends on the presence of certain strains of bacteria. For this purpose, astragalus seeds were bacteriized with strains of Rhizobium meliloti 1511 and Rhizobium trifolii 1222. Research has established that the symbiotic activity of nodule bacteria of a certain strain is strictly selective and rhizorthorphin treatment of the above-mentioned strains. No significant differences in growth and development were observed between control and treated plants. Research has established that astragalus reproduces by seeds. However, seed reproduction is inhibited due to the presence among them of a large number of "hard" or "rock-hard" seeds. Mechanical and chemical methods of exposure (scarification) have been developed, which allow obtaining one hundred percent seed germination. Thus, the introduction of astragalus into widespread production will help to increase the range of medicinal products for therapeutic and preventive purposes, as well as to strengthen the forage base, including the creation of dry pastures. Literature: Kudinov M. A., Bareisha M. S. and others. Eastern galega is a highly productive fodder crop: Recommendations. Mn.: Urajai, 1985. 15 p. Yarashevich M.I. Amaranth — a new high-protein fodder crop (recommendations on agrotechnics of processing). Mn., 1989. 22 p. Yarashevich M. I., Loban S. Ya., Klyashkevich B. B., Lapatchuk A. Ya. Amaranth is a promising forage crop. Mn., 1989. 4 p. (Information sheet BelNDINTI of the State Plan of the BSSR) Loban S. Ya., Kukharova L. V. Biology and requirements for growing conditions of some types of amaranth // New and non-traditional plants and prospects for their practical use. Pushchina, 1997. P. 104-105. (Materials of the 2nd international symposium) Sidarovich E. A., Loban S. Ya. Biology and requirements for amaranth growth conditions (Amarantus) // Materials add. international Conf. May 31 - June 2, 1999, Minsk. Mn. P. 119-120. Kudzinov M.A., Kukharova L.V. Introduced species of clover // New high-protein fodder plants in Belarus. Mn.: Science and Technology, 1985. 58 p. Kiselyov A. V., Valkhonskaya T. A., Kiselyov V. E. Biologically active substances of medicinal plants of Southern Siberia. Novosibirsk, 1991. 136 p. Hladkova L.I. The use of new types of plants in fodder production. M., 1987. 47 p. Shavchenko F.P., Shukis E.R., Polyakova A.I. The use of genetic resources of Altai in the selection of fodder grass // Sib. lead, p. -х. of science. 1994. No. 1-2. P. 27-31. Charapanov S. K. // Collection of additions and changes to "Flora of the USSR" vol. 1 - L.: Science. 1981. P. 241-253. L.U. Kukharov January 2012 AmaranthAmaranthus caudatus L.
